Asymptomatic Carriage of Plasmid-Mediated Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Nasal Tracts of Persons in a Semi-Urban Area of Nigeria

Jonathan Osariemen Isibor; Ehima Otabor

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.12

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Asymptomatic Carriage of Plasmid-Mediated Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Nasal Tracts of Persons in a Semi-Urban Area of Nigeria

Jonathan Osariemen Isibor, Ehima Otabor

Published in American Journal of Life Sciences (Volume 2, Issue 4)

Received: 22 July 2014 Accepted: 30 July 2014 Published: 10 August 2014

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Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus remains one of the most important opportunistic bacterial pathogens of man and strains resistant to available drug classes have become more and more prevalent in clinical and community settings. The aim of this study was to determine the nasal carriage rates of multidrug – resistant (MDR) Staph aureus in food vendors and hospital workers in Ekpoma, Nigeria, and to assess whether resistance was plasmid – mediated. With the use of sterile swab sticks (Sterilin, UK), one hundred nasal swabs were obtained from consenting volunteers. Each swab was streaked on mannitol salt agar (Difco, Detroit MI) and incubated at 370C for 24hrs. Colonies growing on medium were Gram – stained and tested for catalase, coagulase and mannitol fermentation. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique, and results were interpreted using the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute’s guidelines. Results showed that 32 (32%) of the 100 specimens screened yielded Staph aureus, with 18 (36%) and 14 (28%) of the isolates recovered from hospital workers and food vendors, respectively. The prevalence rate in males (40%) compared with females (24%) was not statistically significant (P>0.05), using Student’s t-test analysis. All the Staph aureus isolates were susceptible to Augmentin. The highest resistance rates of 65.6%, 59.3% and 50.0% were recorded for Amoxycillin, Ofloxacin and Oxacillin respectively, while low resistance rates were recorded for Gentamicin (9.38%) and Cefuroxime (15.6%). Of the 17 (53%) MDR isolates of Staph aureus, only 4 (23.5%) remained MDR after curing with 0.1mg/ml acridine orange solution. Observance of personal hygiene can reduce the level of contamination or infection of carriers thereby reducing the risk of infection for others in the community, while rational use of antibiotics by health professionals and end users could help to curb the rising trend of antibiotic resistance within the community.

Published in	American Journal of Life Sciences (Volume 2, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.12
Page(s)	200-204
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2014. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Asymptomatic Carriage, Nasal Tract, Multidrug Resistance, Staphylococcus aureus, Plasmids, Ekpoma

References

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APA Style

Jonathan Osariemen Isibor, Ehima Otabor. (2014). Asymptomatic Carriage of Plasmid-Mediated Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Nasal Tracts of Persons in a Semi-Urban Area of Nigeria. American Journal of Life Sciences, 2(4), 200-204. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.12

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ACS Style

Jonathan Osariemen Isibor; Ehima Otabor. Asymptomatic Carriage of Plasmid-Mediated Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Nasal Tracts of Persons in a Semi-Urban Area of Nigeria. Am. J. Life Sci. 2014, 2(4), 200-204. doi: 10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.12

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AMA Style

Jonathan Osariemen Isibor, Ehima Otabor. Asymptomatic Carriage of Plasmid-Mediated Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Nasal Tracts of Persons in a Semi-Urban Area of Nigeria. Am J Life Sci. 2014;2(4):200-204. doi: 10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.12,
  author = {Jonathan Osariemen Isibor and Ehima Otabor},
  title = {Asymptomatic Carriage of Plasmid-Mediated Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Nasal Tracts of Persons in a Semi-Urban Area of Nigeria},
  journal = {American Journal of Life Sciences},
  volume = {2},
  number = {4},
  pages = {200-204},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajls.20140204.12},
  abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus remains one of the most important opportunistic bacterial pathogens of man and strains resistant to available drug classes have become more and more prevalent in clinical and community settings. The aim of this study was to determine the nasal carriage rates of multidrug – resistant (MDR) Staph aureus in food vendors and hospital workers in Ekpoma, Nigeria, and to assess whether resistance was plasmid – mediated. With the use of sterile swab sticks (Sterilin, UK), one hundred nasal swabs were obtained from consenting volunteers. Each swab was streaked on mannitol salt agar (Difco, Detroit MI) and incubated at 370C for 24hrs. Colonies growing on medium were Gram – stained and tested for catalase, coagulase and mannitol fermentation. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique, and results were interpreted using the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute’s guidelines. Results showed that 32 (32%) of the 100 specimens screened yielded Staph aureus, with 18 (36%) and 14 (28%) of the isolates recovered from hospital workers and food vendors, respectively. The prevalence rate in males (40%) compared with females (24%) was not statistically significant (P>0.05), using Student’s t-test analysis. All the Staph aureus isolates were susceptible to Augmentin. The highest resistance rates of 65.6%, 59.3% and 50.0% were recorded for Amoxycillin, Ofloxacin and Oxacillin respectively, while low resistance rates were recorded for Gentamicin (9.38%) and Cefuroxime (15.6%). Of the 17 (53%) MDR isolates of Staph aureus, only 4 (23.5%) remained MDR after curing with 0.1mg/ml acridine orange solution. Observance of personal hygiene can reduce the level of contamination or infection of carriers thereby reducing the risk of infection for others in the community, while rational use of antibiotics by health professionals and end users could help to curb the rising trend of antibiotic resistance within the community.},
 year = {2014}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Asymptomatic Carriage of Plasmid-Mediated Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Nasal Tracts of Persons in a Semi-Urban Area of Nigeria
AU  - Jonathan Osariemen Isibor
AU  - Ehima Otabor
Y1  - 2014/08/10
PY  - 2014
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.12
T2  - American Journal of Life Sciences
JF  - American Journal of Life Sciences
JO  - American Journal of Life Sciences
SP  - 200
EP  - 204
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5737
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.12
AB  - Staphylococcus aureus remains one of the most important opportunistic bacterial pathogens of man and strains resistant to available drug classes have become more and more prevalent in clinical and community settings. The aim of this study was to determine the nasal carriage rates of multidrug – resistant (MDR) Staph aureus in food vendors and hospital workers in Ekpoma, Nigeria, and to assess whether resistance was plasmid – mediated. With the use of sterile swab sticks (Sterilin, UK), one hundred nasal swabs were obtained from consenting volunteers. Each swab was streaked on mannitol salt agar (Difco, Detroit MI) and incubated at 370C for 24hrs. Colonies growing on medium were Gram – stained and tested for catalase, coagulase and mannitol fermentation. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique, and results were interpreted using the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute’s guidelines. Results showed that 32 (32%) of the 100 specimens screened yielded Staph aureus, with 18 (36%) and 14 (28%) of the isolates recovered from hospital workers and food vendors, respectively. The prevalence rate in males (40%) compared with females (24%) was not statistically significant (P>0.05), using Student’s t-test analysis. All the Staph aureus isolates were susceptible to Augmentin. The highest resistance rates of 65.6%, 59.3% and 50.0% were recorded for Amoxycillin, Ofloxacin and Oxacillin respectively, while low resistance rates were recorded for Gentamicin (9.38%) and Cefuroxime (15.6%). Of the 17 (53%) MDR isolates of Staph aureus, only 4 (23.5%) remained MDR after curing with 0.1mg/ml acridine orange solution. Observance of personal hygiene can reduce the level of contamination or infection of carriers thereby reducing the risk of infection for others in the community, while rational use of antibiotics by health professionals and end users could help to curb the rising trend of antibiotic resistance within the community.
VL  - 2
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Author Information

Jonathan Osariemen Isibor

Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria
Ehima Otabor

Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria

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Jonathan Osariemen Isibor, Ehima Otabor. (2014). Asymptomatic Carriage of Plasmid-Mediated Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Nasal Tracts of Persons in a Semi-Urban Area of Nigeria. American Journal of Life Sciences, 2(4), 200-204. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.12

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Jonathan Osariemen Isibor; Ehima Otabor. Asymptomatic Carriage of Plasmid-Mediated Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Nasal Tracts of Persons in a Semi-Urban Area of Nigeria. Am. J. Life Sci. 2014, 2(4), 200-204. doi: 10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.12

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AMA Style

Jonathan Osariemen Isibor, Ehima Otabor. Asymptomatic Carriage of Plasmid-Mediated Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Nasal Tracts of Persons in a Semi-Urban Area of Nigeria. Am J Life Sci. 2014;2(4):200-204. doi: 10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.12,
  author = {Jonathan Osariemen Isibor and Ehima Otabor},
  title = {Asymptomatic Carriage of Plasmid-Mediated Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Nasal Tracts of Persons in a Semi-Urban Area of Nigeria},
  journal = {American Journal of Life Sciences},
  volume = {2},
  number = {4},
  pages = {200-204},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajls.20140204.12},
  abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus remains one of the most important opportunistic bacterial pathogens of man and strains resistant to available drug classes have become more and more prevalent in clinical and community settings. The aim of this study was to determine the nasal carriage rates of multidrug – resistant (MDR) Staph aureus in food vendors and hospital workers in Ekpoma, Nigeria, and to assess whether resistance was plasmid – mediated. With the use of sterile swab sticks (Sterilin, UK), one hundred nasal swabs were obtained from consenting volunteers. Each swab was streaked on mannitol salt agar (Difco, Detroit MI) and incubated at 370C for 24hrs. Colonies growing on medium were Gram – stained and tested for catalase, coagulase and mannitol fermentation. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique, and results were interpreted using the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute’s guidelines. Results showed that 32 (32%) of the 100 specimens screened yielded Staph aureus, with 18 (36%) and 14 (28%) of the isolates recovered from hospital workers and food vendors, respectively. The prevalence rate in males (40%) compared with females (24%) was not statistically significant (P>0.05), using Student’s t-test analysis. All the Staph aureus isolates were susceptible to Augmentin. The highest resistance rates of 65.6%, 59.3% and 50.0% were recorded for Amoxycillin, Ofloxacin and Oxacillin respectively, while low resistance rates were recorded for Gentamicin (9.38%) and Cefuroxime (15.6%). Of the 17 (53%) MDR isolates of Staph aureus, only 4 (23.5%) remained MDR after curing with 0.1mg/ml acridine orange solution. Observance of personal hygiene can reduce the level of contamination or infection of carriers thereby reducing the risk of infection for others in the community, while rational use of antibiotics by health professionals and end users could help to curb the rising trend of antibiotic resistance within the community.},
 year = {2014}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Asymptomatic Carriage of Plasmid-Mediated Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Nasal Tracts of Persons in a Semi-Urban Area of Nigeria
AU  - Jonathan Osariemen Isibor
AU  - Ehima Otabor
Y1  - 2014/08/10
PY  - 2014
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.12
T2  - American Journal of Life Sciences
JF  - American Journal of Life Sciences
JO  - American Journal of Life Sciences
SP  - 200
EP  - 204
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5737
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.12
AB  - Staphylococcus aureus remains one of the most important opportunistic bacterial pathogens of man and strains resistant to available drug classes have become more and more prevalent in clinical and community settings. The aim of this study was to determine the nasal carriage rates of multidrug – resistant (MDR) Staph aureus in food vendors and hospital workers in Ekpoma, Nigeria, and to assess whether resistance was plasmid – mediated. With the use of sterile swab sticks (Sterilin, UK), one hundred nasal swabs were obtained from consenting volunteers. Each swab was streaked on mannitol salt agar (Difco, Detroit MI) and incubated at 370C for 24hrs. Colonies growing on medium were Gram – stained and tested for catalase, coagulase and mannitol fermentation. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique, and results were interpreted using the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute’s guidelines. Results showed that 32 (32%) of the 100 specimens screened yielded Staph aureus, with 18 (36%) and 14 (28%) of the isolates recovered from hospital workers and food vendors, respectively. The prevalence rate in males (40%) compared with females (24%) was not statistically significant (P>0.05), using Student’s t-test analysis. All the Staph aureus isolates were susceptible to Augmentin. The highest resistance rates of 65.6%, 59.3% and 50.0% were recorded for Amoxycillin, Ofloxacin and Oxacillin respectively, while low resistance rates were recorded for Gentamicin (9.38%) and Cefuroxime (15.6%). Of the 17 (53%) MDR isolates of Staph aureus, only 4 (23.5%) remained MDR after curing with 0.1mg/ml acridine orange solution. Observance of personal hygiene can reduce the level of contamination or infection of carriers thereby reducing the risk of infection for others in the community, while rational use of antibiotics by health professionals and end users could help to curb the rising trend of antibiotic resistance within the community.
VL  - 2
IS  - 4
ER  -

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