Background: Respiratory tract infections are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. Management of respiratory tract infections poses a challenge in developing countries particularly due to limited resources for bacterial identification. The objective of this study was to describe bacterial etiological agents causing respiratory tract infections and their resistance patterns among ambulatory school children in Moshi municipality, Tanzania. Methodology: A cross sectional community based study was conducted, from January to March 2014 in 4 primary schools in Moshi Municipality. All school children available at the time of study were assessed for respiratory symptoms, those with self-reported respiratory tract symptoms for four days or more were eligible for participation. While those on medication and those who completed oral medication within 15 days prior to screening were excluded. Nasopharyngeal and throat swabs were collected from eligible children. Isolates were tested for sensitivity against commonly used antibiotics. Results: Of 2,016 screened school children, 474 (23.5%) had respiratory tract symptoms. Respiratory tract bacterial pathogens were isolated from 123 (73.7%) of 167 children whose nasopharyngeal and throat swabs were collected, three children did no show for swab collection. S. aureus was the most prevalent isolate 68 (55.3%) followed by S. pneumoniae 43 (35.0%), and the least prevalent isolate was K. pneumoniae 7 (5.7%). Majority of isolated upper respiratory tract bacteria were resistant to ampicillin. S. pneumoniae exhibited the highest rate of the resistance whereby, 33 (91.7%) isolates were resistant to ampicillin. However, the resistance of isolates to cotrimoxazole was found to be low. Gentamicin and ceftriaxone were effective against most isolates. Conclusion: Prevalence of respiratory tract symptoms was high among ambulatory school children who were presumed to be healthy. The observed high resistance of isolates might be due to unnecessary prescription of antibiotics, and counterfeit drugs. There is a need to strengthen school health program, in order to identify children with respiratory tract infections and refer them to a health facility for further evaluation.
| Published in | Science Journal of Public Health (Volume 3, Issue 5) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.sjph.20150305.15 |
| Page(s) | 625-632 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2015. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Respiratory Tract Infections, Bacterial Pathogens, Resistant Pattern
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APA Style
James Samwel Ngocho, Caroline Amour, Margaretha Sariko, Blandina Theophil Mmbaga, Gibson Sammy Kibiki. (2015). Bacterial Etiology of Respiratory Tract Infections among Ambulatory School Children in Moshi Municipality, Tanzania. Science Journal of Public Health, 3(5), 625-632. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20150305.15
ACS Style
James Samwel Ngocho; Caroline Amour; Margaretha Sariko; Blandina Theophil Mmbaga; Gibson Sammy Kibiki. Bacterial Etiology of Respiratory Tract Infections among Ambulatory School Children in Moshi Municipality, Tanzania. Sci. J. Public Health 2015, 3(5), 625-632. doi: 10.11648/j.sjph.20150305.15
AMA Style
James Samwel Ngocho, Caroline Amour, Margaretha Sariko, Blandina Theophil Mmbaga, Gibson Sammy Kibiki. Bacterial Etiology of Respiratory Tract Infections among Ambulatory School Children in Moshi Municipality, Tanzania. Sci J Public Health. 2015;3(5):625-632. doi: 10.11648/j.sjph.20150305.15
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Download@article{10.11648/j.sjph.20150305.15,
author = {James Samwel Ngocho and Caroline Amour and Margaretha Sariko and Blandina Theophil Mmbaga and Gibson Sammy Kibiki},
title = {Bacterial Etiology of Respiratory Tract Infections among Ambulatory School Children in Moshi Municipality, Tanzania},
journal = {Science Journal of Public Health},
volume = {3},
number = {5},
pages = {625-632},
doi = {10.11648/j.sjph.20150305.15},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20150305.15},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjph.20150305.15},
abstract = {Background: Respiratory tract infections are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. Management of respiratory tract infections poses a challenge in developing countries particularly due to limited resources for bacterial identification. The objective of this study was to describe bacterial etiological agents causing respiratory tract infections and their resistance patterns among ambulatory school children in Moshi municipality, Tanzania. Methodology: A cross sectional community based study was conducted, from January to March 2014 in 4 primary schools in Moshi Municipality. All school children available at the time of study were assessed for respiratory symptoms, those with self-reported respiratory tract symptoms for four days or more were eligible for participation. While those on medication and those who completed oral medication within 15 days prior to screening were excluded. Nasopharyngeal and throat swabs were collected from eligible children. Isolates were tested for sensitivity against commonly used antibiotics. Results: Of 2,016 screened school children, 474 (23.5%) had respiratory tract symptoms. Respiratory tract bacterial pathogens were isolated from 123 (73.7%) of 167 children whose nasopharyngeal and throat swabs were collected, three children did no show for swab collection. S. aureus was the most prevalent isolate 68 (55.3%) followed by S. pneumoniae 43 (35.0%), and the least prevalent isolate was K. pneumoniae 7 (5.7%). Majority of isolated upper respiratory tract bacteria were resistant to ampicillin. S. pneumoniae exhibited the highest rate of the resistance whereby, 33 (91.7%) isolates were resistant to ampicillin. However, the resistance of isolates to cotrimoxazole was found to be low. Gentamicin and ceftriaxone were effective against most isolates. Conclusion: Prevalence of respiratory tract symptoms was high among ambulatory school children who were presumed to be healthy. The observed high resistance of isolates might be due to unnecessary prescription of antibiotics, and counterfeit drugs. There is a need to strengthen school health program, in order to identify children with respiratory tract infections and refer them to a health facility for further evaluation.},
year = {2015}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Bacterial Etiology of Respiratory Tract Infections among Ambulatory School Children in Moshi Municipality, Tanzania AU - James Samwel Ngocho AU - Caroline Amour AU - Margaretha Sariko AU - Blandina Theophil Mmbaga AU - Gibson Sammy Kibiki Y1 - 2015/07/01 PY - 2015 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20150305.15 DO - 10.11648/j.sjph.20150305.15 T2 - Science Journal of Public Health JF - Science Journal of Public Health JO - Science Journal of Public Health SP - 625 EP - 632 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2328-7950 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20150305.15 AB - Background: Respiratory tract infections are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. Management of respiratory tract infections poses a challenge in developing countries particularly due to limited resources for bacterial identification. The objective of this study was to describe bacterial etiological agents causing respiratory tract infections and their resistance patterns among ambulatory school children in Moshi municipality, Tanzania. Methodology: A cross sectional community based study was conducted, from January to March 2014 in 4 primary schools in Moshi Municipality. All school children available at the time of study were assessed for respiratory symptoms, those with self-reported respiratory tract symptoms for four days or more were eligible for participation. While those on medication and those who completed oral medication within 15 days prior to screening were excluded. Nasopharyngeal and throat swabs were collected from eligible children. Isolates were tested for sensitivity against commonly used antibiotics. Results: Of 2,016 screened school children, 474 (23.5%) had respiratory tract symptoms. Respiratory tract bacterial pathogens were isolated from 123 (73.7%) of 167 children whose nasopharyngeal and throat swabs were collected, three children did no show for swab collection. S. aureus was the most prevalent isolate 68 (55.3%) followed by S. pneumoniae 43 (35.0%), and the least prevalent isolate was K. pneumoniae 7 (5.7%). Majority of isolated upper respiratory tract bacteria were resistant to ampicillin. S. pneumoniae exhibited the highest rate of the resistance whereby, 33 (91.7%) isolates were resistant to ampicillin. However, the resistance of isolates to cotrimoxazole was found to be low. Gentamicin and ceftriaxone were effective against most isolates. Conclusion: Prevalence of respiratory tract symptoms was high among ambulatory school children who were presumed to be healthy. The observed high resistance of isolates might be due to unnecessary prescription of antibiotics, and counterfeit drugs. There is a need to strengthen school health program, in order to identify children with respiratory tract infections and refer them to a health facility for further evaluation. VL - 3 IS - 5 ER -
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